2.1 Introduction
This chapter reviews about the literature to establish what is already written about the management and the issues that need to be addressed in order to make it clearer for the current literature reading. It examines about the project team which is more to definition and the factor which related to management and how does this factor influencing the project success. This chapter consists of three section that are Section A, Section B and Section C. Each section has its own part or review where the heading is based on the following areas section A) Project team, section B) Team management, section C) Project success.
2.2. Section A : Project Team
The term team is defined and described in various approaches usually depends on the situation or condition. In defining team, Oxford Dictionary defines it as " a set of people organized to work together in order to achieve the goals ". However the definition is quite general so another source are found to define the project team. Philips R.H. and Kevin G.H. (1996) defined that project team is a work group or unit with it own purpose where all the team member will integrate or interact in achieving the goals for the company. Therefore, a cooperative project team which is showed by every team members then will lead the team to the their team aim. For this matter another criteria or characteristics are required which come from the team leader who is also the project manager as the major part and the team itself as a minor one. Then, another source by O. Zwikael and E. Unger-Aviram (2009), they expressed the definition of team as " a small number of people with complementary skills who are committed to a common purpose, performance goals and approach for which they are mutually accountable " (O. Zwikael and E. Unger-Aviram, 2009 : xxx).
2.3 Section B : Team Management
Philips R.H. and Kevin G.H. (1996) stated that team management was one of the work culture. It need to be applied in all levels and types of management as an efficient team management lead to a better productivity of organization like increasing the performance and profitability for the organization. A good team management should have a rigid feature that is teamwork and the way of it is going to be developed. Some activities can be done to have a good team which included parts of project life cycle which are defining, planning, executing and closure and the project manager should play the role for this matter. Similarly with McGreevy M. (2006) where he highlighted on team working as a good approach in team management. It can be as a catalyst to the team members to be more responsible in implementing the project and at the same time to fulfill the goals of the team. Meanwhile, Ed Kur ( 1996) mentioned that managing team can use a model called 'faces' which can be divided into five types of faces that are informing, forming, storming, norming and performing. The model actually is adopted from Tuckman Model. The team development will go in flow according to the mentioned model but all of the 'faces' were related to each other as well as the level developed. Since Philips R.H. and Kevin G.H. (1996) and Mcgreevy M. (2006) had the same thought, therefore, it can be concluded that team work is an important element in team management as it can lead to a more efficient project team and this is a factor for a successful project.
2.4. Section C : Project Success
Most project management resources mentioned that a successfulness of a project should be able to meet the triple constraints that are within time, budget and scope. However, some findings stated that there are another factors which also lead to project success. As for C. Scott Young and D. Samson (2008) proposed that project team factors affect the project success. They came out with five factors or elements which related to project team and they are organizational context, project team design, project team leadership, project team processes and project outcome factors. To make it simple, all of these five elements can be put in a package that is project team management. In other view, A. Belout and C. Gauvreau (2004) found that human resource management play an important role to make a project succeed. They firmly stated that the three types of organization structure that are functional, matrix and project-based were the factors that lead to project success. According to O. Zwikael and E. Unger-Aviram (2009) postulate that team development had positive impacts on project success. Team development can be a part of human resource, so, it can be said that O.Zwikael and E.Unger-Aviram (2009) supported what had been claimed by A.Belout and C. Gauvreau (2004).
2.1 Introduction
This chapter reviews about the literature to establish what is already written about the management and the issues that need to be addressed in order to make it clearer for the current literature reading. It examines about the project team which is more to definition and the factor which related to management and how does this factor influencing the project success. This chapter consists of three section that are Section A, Section B and Section C. Each section has its own part or review where the heading is based on the following areas section A) Project team, section B) Team management, section C) Project success.
2.2. Section A : Project Team
The term team is defined and described in various approaches usually depends on the situation or condition. In defining team, Oxford Dictionary defines it as " a set of people organized to work together in order to achieve the goals ". However the definition is quite general so another source are found to define the project team. Philips R.H. and Kevin G.H. (1996) defined that project team is a work group or unit with it own purpose where all the team member will integrate or interact in achieving the goals for the company. Therefore, a cooperative project team which is showed by every team members then will lead the team to the their team aim. For this matter another criteria or characteristics are required which come from the team leader who is also the project manager as the major part and the team itself as a minor one. Then, another source by O. Zwikael and E. Unger-Aviram (2009), they expressed the definition of team as " a small number of people with complementary skills who are committed to a common purpose, performance goals and approach for which they are mutually accountable " (O. Zwikael and E. Unger-Aviram, 2009 : xxx).
2.3 Section B : Team Management
Philips R.H. and Kevin G.H. (1996) stated that team management was one of the work culture. It need to be applied in all levels and types of management as an efficient team management lead to a better productivity of organization like increasing the performance and profitability for the organization. A good team management should have a rigid feature that is teamwork and the way of it is going to be developed. Some activities can be done to have a good team which included parts of project life cycle which are defining, planning, executing and closure and the project manager should play the role for this matter. Similarly with McGreevy M. (2006) where he highlighted on team working as a good approach in team management. It can be as a catalyst to the team members to be more responsible in implementing the project and at the same time to fulfill the goals of the team. Meanwhile, Ed Kur ( 1996) mentioned that managing team can use a model called 'faces' which can be divided into five types of faces that are informing, forming, storming, norming and performing. The model actually is adopted from Tuckman Model. The team development will go in flow according to the mentioned model but all of the 'faces' were related to each other as well as the level developed. Since Philips R.H. and Kevin G.H. (1996) and Mcgreevy M. (2006) had the same thought, therefore, it can be concluded that team work is an important element in team management as it can lead to a more efficient project team and this is a factor for a successful project.
2.4. Section C : Project Success
Most project management resources mentioned that a successfulness of a project should be able to meet the triple constraints that are within time, budget and scope. However, some findings stated that there are another factors which also lead to project success. As for C. Scott Young and D. Samson (2008) proposed that project team factors affect the project success. They came out with five factors or elements which related to project team and they are organizational context, project team design, project team leadership, project team processes and project outcome factors. To make it simple, all of these five elements can be put in a package that is project team management. In other view, A. Belout and C. Gauvreau (2004) found that human resource management play an important role to make a project succeed. They firmly stated that the three types of organization structure that are functional, matrix and project-based were the factors that lead to project success. According to O. Zwikael and E. Unger-Aviram (2009) postulate that team development had positive impacts on project success. Team development can be a part of human resource, so, it can be said that O.Zwikael and E.Unger-Aviram (2009) supported what had been claimed by A.Belout and C. Gauvreau (2004).
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